![]() However, the intrinsic poor electron transfer property and low surface area of the metal oxides greatly limit their electrocatalytic activity as well as mass transfer and diffusion of both reactants and electrolytes 5, 6, 7, 8. In the past half a century, dimensional stable anode (DSA) consisting of RuO 2 and TiO 2 is predominantly used as the electrocatalyst to reduce the energy consumption during the Chlor-alkali process 4. Among many, electrocatalytic saturated brine to produce chlorine has been considered as the most efficient and feasible approach. This finding not only offers fundamental insights into the mechanisms of electrocatalysis but also provides a promising avenue for the electrochemical synthesis of chlorine from seawater electrocatalysis.Ĭhlorine plays a pivotal role in the global chemical industries, including in water treatments, organic chemistry, disinfection goods production, and pharmaceutical manufacture 1, 2, 3. Operando characterizations and computational analysis reveal that compared with the benchmark RuO 2 electrode, chloride ions preferentially adsorb directly onto the surface of Ru atoms on Ru-O 4 SAM, thereby leading to a reduction in Gibbs free-energy barrier and an improvement in Cl 2 selectivity during CER. ![]() Impressively, the flow cell equipped with Ru-O 4 SAM electrode displays excellent stability and Cl 2 selectivity over 1000 h continuous electrocatalysis at a high current density of 1000 mA cm −2. As a result, the as-prepared single-atom catalyst with Ru-O 4 moiety (Ru-O 4 SAM) exhibits an overpotential of only ~30 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm −2 in an acidic medium (pH = 1) containing 1 M NaCl. Herein, we report a highly active oxygen-coordinated ruthenium single-atom catalyst for the electrosynthesis of chlorine in seawater-like solutions. However, the large overpotential and low selectivity of current chlorine evolution reaction (CER) electrocatalysts result in significant energy consumption during chlorine production. a pollution of 1 gram of benzene in a certain amount of water converts to N A/78.11≈ 7.The chlor-alkali process plays an essential and irreplaceable role in the modern chemical industry due to the wide-ranging applications of chlorine gas. Using the above calculator you could find that e.g. Or 1 mole of a substance will contain Avogadro's number of that substance. The term " mole" is defined in that one mole of a substance with a molecular (or atomic) mass of one (1), will have a mass of 1 gram. It is defined to be 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and in older works is also abbreviated as "amu".Īlso, important in this field is Avogadro's number (N A) or Avogadro's constant (6.0221 x 10 23). In related terms, another unit of mass often used is Dalton (Da) or unified atomic mass unit (u) when describing atomic masses and molecular masses. Molecular mass or molar mass are used in stoichiometry calculations in chemistry. This Calculator has been tested on Internet Explorer version 6 only,įirefox might not show all fields correctly. For question or remarks please contact us. ![]() !!! Lenntech BV cannot be held responsible for errors in the calculation, Make sure you enter the molecule of crystallization at last (e.g. The calculator handles at most two different bracket levels. The molecular mass calculator will recognize the entered formula's, which are included in the list of organic compounds. Or you can choose by one of the next two option-lists, which contains a series of common organic compounds (including their chemical formula) and all the elements. This online calculator you can use for computing the average molecular weight (MW) of molecules by entering the chemical formulas (for example C3H4OH(COOH)3 ). Molecular Weight Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator
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